Over the last decade, there has been a move away from powered-up digital in-circuit vector testing to unpowered analog-based (vectorless) device-pin opens testing for large and sometimes small digital ...

For testing PCBs, test engineers have a variety of options ranging from venerable in-circuit testers and flying probers to functional testers and the latest in embedded-instrument technology.

Production test of a finished electronic product often involves two techniques: in-circuit test (ICT) and functional component test (FCT). The ICT technique examines a non-powered circuit board to ...

When developing a new board, many problems can occur. Bare, unpopulated boards can have shorts and opens that can cause circuits not to work or software to fail once the board is populated. After ...