The mesolimbic pathway comprising the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projection terminals in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been identified as a critical neural system involved in processing both ...

Researchers at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience examined how the dopamine system processes aversive, or unpleasant, events. The researchers found that exposure to aversive events slowed the ...

'I'm not gonna do this again', we often say when faced with negative feedback, adverse effects, or disappointing outcomes. Thus, we attempt to learn from such negative experiences. This principle is ...